Special Greetings in English for ESL Learners

Unique Greetings in English for ESL Learners It is entirely expected to utilize an extraordinary welcome utilized only for that event on uncommon days, occasions and other unique events. Here are the absolute generally normal: Birthday celebrations Cheerful birthday!Best wishes/Good karma on your thirtieth (age - utilize an ordinal number) birthday!Many glad returns! Wedding/Anniversary Congratulations!Best wishes/good karma on your tenth (number - utilize an ordinal number) anniversary!Heres to a lot progressively upbeat years together (utilized when giving an impromptu speech) Uncommon Holidays Joyful Christmas!Happy New Year/Easter/Hanukkah/Ramadan etc.All the best for a cheerful New Year/Easter/Hanukkah/Ramadan and so on. When making exceptional welcome to youngsters on their birthday and at Christmas, it is likewise basic to ask them what they got: Cheerful Christmas! What did you get from Santa Claus?Happy Birthday! What did your Daddy get for you? Uncommon Occasions Congrats on your promotion!All the best for your ...Im so pleased with you! Increasingly Social Language Key Phrases IntroductionsGreetingsSpeaking to StrangersTraveling phrases

Ethnography Proposal Essay

In my ethnography I’m going to contemplate a café chain, for example, Starbucks. I will be seeing just as associating in endeavor to look into numerous attributes one must need to look in working in such a domain. At Starbucks the Baristas must have a certified energetic character to every client. I might want to contemplate a privately possessed café also to look at the changed situations and how one may keep an independent company above water when we have such huge chains. I will be watching the associations that the Barista have with every client and how he/she will deal with that client. I intend to visit in any event two separate cafés that are generally near each other and will ask a few clients from each shop for what reason they picked every café. I will spend around a few hours at the two houses at around a similar time. I will be sitting with a note pad to take notes on what I’m watching. I may likewise incorporate a short meeting with in any event one barista, in which I intend to approach with a basic inquiry posing on the off chance that I could have a snapshot of their opportunity to respond to a couple of inquiries regarding their workplace. Questions won't be meddling in any I am searching for progressively conventional replies with respect to how they like functioning for chain/free cafés. The explanation I have decided to examine this gathering is on the grounds that I need to make sense of how a private company can contend with a huge chain, for example, Starbucks. Wherever I go I see a Starbucks and most cohorts might want to meet at a Starbucks so I can watch the various events individuals come in other than getting some espresso. Additionally caffeine is the universes most famous animate and four out of each five Americans drink espresso at some random time. A few issues I will look in my exploration will time. When is the best opportunity to arrived in and watch? To what extent will I be there for? I will in general notification by experience that coffeehouses hit off at specific times and are vacant at others. Where the bistro is found will be a factor too. A few inquiries I had about my examination is, I’m not certain who I should lean my investigation towards, would it be progressively hard to take a gander at clients or at the bosses. Additionally would it be a good idea for me to analyze separate cafés or simply adhering to one?

How to Use Visualization to Reduce Anxiety Symptoms

How to Use Visualization to Reduce Anxiety Symptoms Panic Disorder Coping Print Using Visualization to Reduce Anxiety Symptoms By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Emmy Ludwig, MD on February 08, 2016 Emmy Ludwig, MD, is board-certified in gastroenterology and hepatology. She practices at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. Learn about our Medical Review Board Emmy Ludwig, MD Updated on October 02, 2019 Jamie Grill/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Coping Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions If you have been diagnosed with panic disorder, then you have likely experienced constant feelings of fear and anxiety. Research has shown that using  relaxation techniques can help reduce nervousness and improve your relaxation response. By enhancing your relaxation skills, you are can lower your flight-or-fight response that is often triggered during times of increased anxiety and panic attacks. Some common relaxation techniques include breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, and meditation. These techniques are relatively easy to learn and can be practiced on a daily basis to assist with getting through panic attacks. What Is Visualization? Visualization is another powerful technique that can help you unwind and relieve stress. Visualization involves using mental imagery to achieve a more relaxed state of mind. Similar to daydreaming, visualization is accomplished through the use of your imagination. There are several reasons why visualization can help you cope with panic disorder, panic attacks, and agoraphobia. Consider how your thoughts wander when you feel panic or anxiety. When experiencing a panic attack, your mind may focus on the worry, the worst things that can happen and other cognitive distortions that only add to your sense of fearfulness. Visualization works to expand your ability to rest and relax by focusing your mind on more calming and serene images. Before beginning any of these visualization exercises, make sure your environment is set up for your comfort. To better relax, eliminate any distractions, such as phones, pets or television. Try to find a quiet place where you will most likely be undisturbed. Remove any heavy jewelry or restricting clothing, such as tight belts or scarves. Get ready to relax by either sitting or lying down in a position that feels most comfortable to you. To begin, it can be helpful to slow your breathing down with a deep-breathing technique. Close your eyes and try to let go of any tension you may be feeling throughout your body. To relax your body and mind even further, it may also be beneficial to try a progressive muscle relaxation exercise before you begin your visualization. Try to set aside about five to 15 minutes to visualize. How to Use 3-Part Breath to Ease Panic Disorder Symptoms The Serene Beach Scene The following is a beach scene visualization exercise that you can practice on your own. Beach scenes are one of the most popular visualizations due to their calming and tranquil impact. Feel free to change it to better suit your needs and imagination. Use this visualization to relax, unwind and briefly escape from your day-to-day tasks. Visualization Exercise: White Sandy Beach Imagine that you are resting on a white sandy beach and feel safe, calm, and relaxed as you think about the following:Turquoise water and a clear, blue skyThe sound of soft waves as the tide gently rolls inThe weight of your body sinking into your beach chairThe warmth of the sand on your feetA large umbrella keeping you slightly shaded, creating just the right temperatureRelax your face and let go of any tension in your forehead, between your eyebrows, your neck, and your throat. Soften your eyes and rest. Allow your breath to slow down and match the rolling waves of the water. There is no effort to be here; spend time just taking it all in. Once this relaxation feels complete, imagine that you get up and slowly walk away from the beach. Remember that this beautiful place is here for you whenever you need to come back. Take your time and slowly open your eyes. Use Your Own Creativity If the beach scene doesn’t really fit you, try coming up with your own visualization. Think of a place or situation that you find to be very relaxing, such as lying down in a large field of flowers and grass, or enjoying a beautiful view of a mountain or forest. When visualizing your calming scene, think about what you are experiencing through all of your senses. Notice what you hear, smell, taste and how your body feels. When you feel ready to leave your relaxation scene, take your time and gradually return your mind to the present. To get better at visualization, try practicing at least several times a day. Relaxation techniques tend to be more helpful if you first start practicing at a time when you are not experiencing high anxiety. Through regular practice, you will more easily be able to use visualization when you really need it, such as when you start feeling the physical symptoms of panic and anxiety. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups

A Classic Realist s Perception Of The 2003 Iraq War

International Relations Essay A Classic Realist’s perception of the 2003 Iraq War International Relations as a whole debates that politics equals power, therefore there are several theories which have emerged within International Relations that illuminate how nation-states interact with each other, their reason to go to war and what motivates them to establish peace. Within its many strands, Classical Realism emerged as a Post-World War 2 theory and is argued to be ‘pessimistic about the prospects for international cooperation’ (Glaser, 1994/95, pp. 56); which will be the concept discussed. This theory is characterised as Positivism rather than Post-Positivism due to its application of scientific process, where it uses natural science empirically to identify regularities. The essay will first focus on the various theorists and their ideas in core Classical Realism, such as; Thucydides, Morgenthau, Machiavelli, Hobbes, and more. The case study of the essay will be the 2003 Iraq War, where a quick summary will be explained before applying key classical realist concepts to it then analysing their strengths and weaknesses. Throughout this analysis other theories debated in International Relations will be discussed to replace or dismiss Classical Realisms concepts. Finally a conclusion will be delivered summarising the fundamental arguments discussed throughout the essay; if one can really apply the Classical Realism theory to the Iraq War case study. Classical Realism primarilyShow MoreRelatedGgfghj12150 Words   |  49 PagesDeï ¬ nitions In this third edition of our book we bring the survey of the conï ¬â€šict resolution ï ¬ eld up to date at the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-ï ¬ rst century. Conï ¬â€šict resolution as a deï ¬ ned specialist ï ¬ eld came of age in the post-Cold War era. It also found itself face to face with fundamental new challenges, many of which have come into even sharper focus since the ï ¬ rst and second editions of this book. Why a Third Edition? The ï ¬ rst edition of the book (1999) was written at a timeRead MoreNationalism and Transnationalism in the Context of the European Union28567 Words   |  115 Pages On the far side of revenge. Believe that a further shore Is reachable from here. Believe in miracles And cures and healing wells.... If there s fire on the mountain Or lightning and storm And a god speaks from the sky That means someone is hearing The outcry and the birth-cry Of new life at its term (.Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmanaging, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the

The Atomic Bomb Of The United States - 2000 Words

In 1939, when it was discovered that Germany had the technology to produce a weapon of mass destruction, the United States was determined that they would not fall trap to the Nazi’s reign. World renowned scientists gathered together and by 1941, the secret project to produce an atomic bomb was given the code name the Manhattan Project. Nobody expected this weapon to be so powerful, but this secret weapon had a lasting impact that changed the course of history. The Manhattan Project was ultimately responsible for the accomplishment of separating a uranium atom, which resulted in a weapon of mass destruction known as the atomic bomb. This secret project ultimately ended the Second World War, issued in the nuclear age, and changed the way wars were fought. Interestingly, the initiation of the Manhattan project can be attributed to two United States immigrants. Just after World War II had begun, Albert Einstein, who had fled Nazi Germany, and Enrico Fermi, who had fled from Italy, had come together and decided that the president must be warned of the fact that Germany had the power to create an atomic weapon. At first, Roosevelt did not see the importance of this project, and only allotted $6,000 for research. However, when the war with the Axis powers grew, fear also grew, and the budget for the Manhattan project was ultimately enlarged to $2 billion dollars. Eventually, Roosevelt established the Advisory Committee on Uranium and the National Defense Research Committee. AtShow MoreRelatedThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesthe detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. This atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. As the atomic bomb was detonated it s ent shock-waves all over the world. There was endless research done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called The Manhattan Engineer District Project but it was more commonly known as The Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was brought by fear of Germany and its atomic research. On account of theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States1610 Words   |  7 Pages It was the morning of July 16, 1945, a countdown for the detonation of the first atomic bomb took place near Los Alamos, New Mexico. The atomic bomb testing would forever change the meaning of war. However, the atomic bomb was detonated and it sent shock-waves all over the world. There was much research to be done on the bomb in the United States. The research was called â€Å"The Manhattan Engineer District Project† but it was known as The Manhattan Project. With the issues of theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States1358 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å" The atom bomb was no ‘great decision.’ It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness.† This quote was said by Harry S. Truman the first President who used an atomic bomb. The program that was able to create this monstrous power was known as the Manhattan Project. Creating this weapon was their main priority. The United States was in the midst of World War 2. The atomic bomb is considered to be the main factor that ended that war. It was a race against the multiple enemiesRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of The United States2074 Words   |  9 PagesSampson Phillips American History/SRP Mr. Smith 1/1/16 The Atomic Bombs On December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched a bombing attack on the American naval base in Pearl Harbor. This attack on the U.S. brought America into World War II. One Japanese general commented â€Å"I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant and fill him with a terrible resolve.† (Yamamoto) Japan’s surprise attack on the U.S. created a much larger enemy than they intended. 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While bringing the WWII to an end, it attracted a lot of debates over the use of the atomic bombs in the war. Even though the WWII has ended decades ago debates still lingers to this point. Having people in both sides of the debates, makes people wonder if the use of the first atomicRead MoreWhy the United States Dropped the Atomic Bomb: Persuasive Essay1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe atomic bomb is the subject of much controversy. Since its first detonation in 1945, the entire world has heard the aftershocks of that blast. Issues concerning Nuclear Weapons sparked the Cold War. We also have the atomic bomb to thank for our relative peace in this time due to the fear of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). The effects of the atomic bomb might not have been the exact effects that the United State s was looking for when they dropped Little Boy and Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Agency Problem in SOEs of China Free Essays

Agency problem is a worldwide problem wherever it is in western countries or China. It is inevitable during the development of the firm†s organization. As long as the interests between the owner and management are not aligned, the conflict is existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Agency Problem in SOEs of China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many western firms have established the rules and incentive systems to prevent â€Å"agency problem†. Somehow it works. We find it is not enough to overcome the problem. China has undergone a long period economic reform. During the reform, how to improve the SOEs performance is a hot focus. In the past, all the SOEs were controlled by the government, what the companies† doing were decided by the government, then on one side the executives did not take the full responsibility for the company; on the other side, the officer blamed the managers for the bad performance. There are no clear boundary on the space of freedom and responsibilities. (see Georges Enderle) The â€Å"agency problem† became even worse because of this phenomenon. Now China has tried a lot of methods to establish the modern organization of SOEs. The boundary between the government and the executives of SOEs has been clearly set. Some SOES have been published. However we find that the â€Å"agency problem† still exist more or less and the business ethics do be involved. And business ethics can play a virtually important role in dealing with the â€Å"agency problem during the economic reform. 2. Definition of † agency problem† Before we go further, we need to define what is agent and what is agency problem. Agent is the entity where Management represents owners; the agency relationship is the relationship between the principal and the agent, in which the agency acts for the principal. And what is agency problem? The agency problem results from the separation of management and the ownership of the firm. Agency problem can be clarified as the followings: Agents may consume excessive perks. Agents may shirk (not expend their best efforts). Agents may act in their best interest (instead of the interest of the principal). 3. Why does â€Å"Agency Problem† happen? On the very beginning, most firms were based on the family and their management was the members within the family, and there was not agency problem at all, because the management and ownership were aligned, no interest conflict. As the firms grow, it seems they need high management skills and the existed relationship within the management restricted the growth of the firms. Furthermore, it was much more difficult to raise new equity. Then they hired the professional managers to act as the owners. The agency problem is followed as this organization comes out. Due to the interest is not alignment between the managers and the owners, more or less the managers will pursuit their own profit instead of the owners, which we thought is unethical because of the space of freedom and responsibility are not matched. (see Georges Enderle) and we will discuss later. Although the goal of the firm is the maximization of shareholder†s wealth, in reality the agency problem may interfere with the implementation of this goal. The agency problem results from the separation of management and the ownership of the firm. For example, a firm maybe runs by the professional managers who have little or no ownership in the firm. Because of this separation of the decision-makers and owners, managers may make decisions that are not in line with the goal of maximization of shareholder wealth. They may approach work less energetically and attempt to benefit themselves in terms of salary and perquisites at the expense of shareholders. The cost of â€Å"Agency problem† is obvious. There are the monitoring costs, bonding costs and the residual loss. Monitoring costs are costs incurred by the principle to monitor the actions of the agents (Ex. Annual report to shareholders). Bonding costs are costs incurred by the agent to ensure they will act in the best interests of the principals (binding employment contract). The residual loss is the implicit cost when management and shareholders† interests cannot be aligned, even when bonding and monitoring costs are incurred. We will spend considerable time in monitoring managers and trying to align their interests with shareholders. Managers can be monitored by auditing financial statements and bonded by managers† compensation packages. The interests of managers and shareholders can be aligned by establishing management stock options, bonuses, and perquisites that are directly tired to how closely their decisions coincide with the interest of shareholders. The agency problem will persist unless an incentive structures set up that aligns the interests of managers and shareholders. In other words, what is good for shareholders must also be good for managers. If that is not the case, managers will make decisions in their best interest rather than maximizing shareholder wealth. 4. Does incentives or regulations eliminate the † Agency Problem†? A high level of compensation can result from a pay-for-performance system in which the executive has performed extremely well, or it can be the result of the agency problem, Where the executive is taking advantage of the system. Keep in mind that an executive compensation committee, appointed by the firm†s board of directors, generally recommends the CEO†s compensation package. Also keep in mind the board of directors, although elected by the shareholders, is generally nominated for election by the CEO and thus may be more sympathetic to the CEO†s desires than to the shareholders† best interests. This opens the door for † good old boy† networks to take care of their own and set up a compensation package that rewards, regardless of performance, without attempting to align managers† and shareholders† interests. So it is essential to establish a good controlling and monitoring system, but since it does not work so well or we have not find a perfect mechanical system to prevent it up to now. How should we do then? It is the ethical behavior that † doing the right thing†. A difficulty arises, however, in attempting to define â€Å"doing the right thing†. The problem is that each of us has his or her own set of values, which forms the basis for our personal judgments about what is the right thing to do. Every society adopts a set of rules or laws that prescribe what it believes to be † doing the right thing.† In a sense, we can think of laws as a set of rules that reflect the values of the society as a whole, as they have evolved. However, not all the â€Å"agency problem† has been against the law. As the individuals, they have a right to disagree about what constitutes â€Å"doing the right thing† and we will seldom venture beyond the basic notion that ethical conduct involves abiding by society†s rules. And some of the ethical dilemmas that have arisen with regard to the † agency problem†. These dilemmas generally arise when some individual behavior is ground to be at odds with the wishes of a large portion of the population, even though the behavior is not prohibited within law. Ethical dilemmas can therefore provide a catalyst for discussion. † Is ethics really relevant?† the answer is â€Å"Yes.† First, although business errors can be forgiven, ethical errors tend to end careers and terminate future opportunities. Because unethical behavior eliminates trust, and without trust businesses can not interact. Second, the most damaging event a business can experience is a loss of the public†s confidence in its ethical standards. 5. The agency problems in SOES do involve business ethics dimension. By the definition of the â€Å"agency problem† in the SOEs in China, the managers assigned or appointed are the agents, who manage the assets of the principal.(the country) They have a lot of authorities regarding personnel, funds and fixed assets etc., but they don†t have the corresponding responsibilities. The situation is a result of the mismatch of the space of freedom and responsibility as indicated by Georges Enderle. According to what Prof. Georges Enderle said, the space of freedom and responsibility should match with each other. On one hand, it is unfair for someone to be held responsible for something if he or she doesn†t have the freedom to make decision on it. On the other hand, it will be dangerous for someone to only enjoy the space of freedom without any or less constraints or responsibility. Sooner or later, he or she will abuse the authority to achieve for his or her own interests by hurting others. During the reform of the SOEs organization, the managers are granted with even more authorities for them to better manage their companies. But unfortunately, some managers undertake some unethical or even illegal activities to act against their companies and the country, which has caused a huge loss for our country. It was reported that total lost assets of the country amounted to about RMB 50 billion to 100 billion during the 1990†³s. The main reasons are that the managers of the SOES take advantages of their prevailed positions to gain personal interests for themselves. But they don†t really worry about the loss because they will not be responsible for that. Please read the following case: XXX Company is one of the largest SOES in Guizhou Province. Started from the 1980†³s, the company went into a very difficult situation, making a greater loss every year. Oct. 27, 1999, an extremely shocking news exploded the company: Guifang Jing, the 54-year old, female financial manager were involved in corruption of over RMB7 million. Very soon, she confessed that it was she that took advantage of her position and her professional knowledge to manipulate the financial statements and embezzle the company†s assets. At the beginning, she got involved in the bank accounts transaction directly by using as excuse that the cashier was not familiar with it. She hid 325 bank accounts in total, which amounted to RMB 57 billion in total. At the meantime, she played a lot of tricks in distorting the bank checks and gained RMB12 billion in total. After she embezzled so much money, she started to have an abnormal mentality. One time, when she found that the company still had some cash balance in the bank, she felt very sorry for not having taking out for herself†¦. One day when she was on the business trip, one financial clerk of the company found that one bank check of several ten thousand RMB was missing and he reported to the general manager and the latter reported to the police. Guifang Jing smelt that the police would start investigate very soon. After pondering over for several nights, she eventually recovered her conscience and decided to give herself to the police. Let†s analyze the case. It is true that she broke the law. But if her business ethics had been good enough, she would have not got involved in such illegal and unethical behavior. She was assigned and trusted by the shareholder to have the authority to manage the company assets, but she betrayed her company by abusing her space of freedom, especially when the company was in such a difficult situation. At that time she should have used her professional knowledge and cooperated with her colleagues to improve the financial performance of the company. Another reason was that there was no healthy corporate culture in the company. Employees were not encouraged and rewarded for making contributions to the company. So nobody really cared about the company. That kind of environment gave Guifang Jing opportunities to corrupt such a great amount of money. Upon knowing that the police would investigate the missing bank check, she decided to confess to the police to avoid more serious punishment. Actually, she was at the first stage of Konhlber-Inspired Typology of Ethical Dilemmas. If she had been in a higher stage, for instance, Stage 4 Conform to rules, laws, code, and conventions, or even higher, Stage 5 Follow principles based on respect for people and their rights, she would have not got involved to this crime. But we must be clear that the case of Guifang Jing was only one of the similar cases that happened in the SOEs in the country. Obviously the companies and the whole country need to take action to improve the business ethics, to foster a good and ethical business environment. So far, we have understood why the incentives and regulations cannot and will not solve the agency problems. The agency problems do involve business ethics dimension. Then there is a base for business ethics to play an important role in dealing with the agency problems. As common sense, human acquires knowledge through education, formal or informal. Without education (in a broad sense), people cannot understand the nature and the society. They won†t have their values developed in the process of learning and practice. Of course, they won†t act according to the social behavior orders and norms. Business ethics aims to discuss the business conduct/activities that raise moral issues and to improve â€Å"the ethical quality of decision-making process at all levels†: micro-, meso-, and macro-level (Enderle) through education. How to cite Agency Problem in SOEs of China, Essay examples

Information Security A Critical Discussion

Within the contemporary, hyper-connected and interlinked business landscape, organizations – large and small – are continually under attack.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Security: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A computer crime and security survey conducted in 2005 through the joint efforts of the Computer Security Institute (CSI) and the San Francisco Office of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) demonstrated that six in every ten organizations were victims of unauthorized computer use during the past 12 months (Johnston Hale, 2009). These unauthorized uses, according to the authors, included â€Å"†¦malicious acts such as theft or destruction of intellectual property, insider abuse and unauthorized access to information that resulted in loss of data integrity and confidentiality, as well as malware threats such as viruses, spyware, worms, and Tro jans† (p. 126). It is against this background that the present paper aims to put into perspective some critical issues regarding information security, particularly in healthcare organizations. In layman’s language, information security can be defined as the protection of data against unauthorized or illegal access through the employment of authentication protocols such as passwords, fingerprints, and digital certificates, as well as employing encrypting processes for highly sensitive data (Bodin, Gordon Loeb, 2008). A computer system that asks users to input personal identification numbers (PIN) demonstrates a good example of how information security functions. In more complex terms, however, the concept of information security is often viewed under the lens of protecting data and complex information systems from unauthorized or illegal access, use, revelation, interruption, modification, examination, inspection, recording or obliteration of information, whether in pri nt, electronic or any other format, and against the denial of access to authorized users (Khansa Liginlal, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In practice, therefore, information security entails taking proactive measures and strategies aimed at detecting, documenting, and countering any form of unauthorized use, access or modification of information systems (Bodin et al, 2008). A good example here is the heavy investments organizations make to install antivirus software, firewalls and other internet security tools to ensure that cyber criminals do not have access to their networks, and to incapacitate any attempts made by these criminals to modify the information systems and databases through malware threats. Today, more than ever before, the daily functioning of contemporary healthcare organizations is becoming more intricately tied to the investments made in terms of ado pting information technology, as well as the integrity and accountability of the information systems by virtue of the fact that â€Å"†¦patient care, research, operations, and finance all rely on highly available, trustworthy, and robust applications, data, and infrastructure† (Glaser Aske, 2010, p. 40). The very fact that health organizations must continuously invest in latest information technologies demonstrate the importance of adopting information security technology; they, as is the case in other business organizations, deal with particularly sensitive data that must be protected from unauthorized access, use or modification (Bernstein McCreless, 2007). Patient and health data, which are the mainstay of most heath organizations, are particularly sensitive to a point where client trust and satisfaction levels are largely evaluated on account of how well the organizations are able to secure confidential information on behalf of their clients (Cooper Collman, 2003) . Away from patient-related issues, it is very important for health organizations to protect their information systems, which are often costly to design and implement, from any possible attack or unauthorized access (Weems, 2010). It simply does not make any business sense for health organizations to expose themselves to these attacks or unauthorized access of information systems since such actions always come with high financial and reputational implications for the healthcare organizations involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Information Security: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Consequently, it is always advisable and beneficial to assume a proactive stance and invest heavily on information security technology. Lastly, it is generally believed that information security in healthcare settings can only be achieved by addressing the germane issues of confidentiality, integrity/veracit y, availability/accessibility, reliability, and accountability. While confidentiality implies that sensitive patient and health data should not be made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals or processes, integrity implies that such kind of data or information must not be altered, modified and/or destroyed in an unauthorized manner (Cooper Collman, 2003). Availability as a critical component in healthcare information security implies that data or information should always be accessible and useable upon demand by any authorized entity, while accountability is used to describe the capability to audit the actions of all parties, procedures and processes which continually interact with the data or information, and to intrinsically determine if such actions or interactions are appropriate (Cooper Collman, 2003). It goes without saying that data or information contained in information systems within the healthcare context must be reliable and free of error at all times. Refe rence List Bernstein, M.L., McCreless, T., Cote, M.J. (2007). Five constants of information technology adoption in healthcare. Hospital Topics, 85(1), 17-25. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database Bodin, L.D., Gordon, L.A., Loeb, M.P. (2008). Information security and risk management. Communications of the ACM, 51(4), 64-68. Retrieved from Business Source Premier DatabaseAdvertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cooper, T., Collman, J. (2003). Managing information security and privacy in healthcare data mining: State of the art. In: C.J. Alberts A.J. Derofee (Ed.), Managing information security risks: The octave approach. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley Professional Glaser, J., Aske, J. (2010). Healthcare IT trends raise bar for information security. Healthcare Financial Management, 64(7), 40-44. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database Johnston, A.C., Hale, R. (2009). Improved security through information security governance. Communications of the ACM, 52(1), 126-129. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database Khansa, L., Liginlal, D. (2009). Quantifying the benefits of investing in information security. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 113-117 Weems, K. (2010). Health IT the road so far. Health Financial Management, 64(6), 86-90. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier Database This essay on Information Security: A Critical Discussion was written and submitted by user Isis Foreman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.